diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverter.java
index 8af79236e..a394cb4eb 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverter.java
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ public interface BibTeXConverter<T extends Publication, B extends PublicationBun
 
     T createPublication(boolean pretend);
     
+    String getTypeName();
+    
     B createBundle(T publication, boolean pretend);
     
     void processTitle(final BibTeXEntry bibTeXEntry,
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverters.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverters.java
index 7da4facd0..2647fe6d9 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverters.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/BibTeXConverters.java
@@ -4,18 +4,28 @@ import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.Folder;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.Publication;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.PublicationBundle;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.bibtex.util.BibTeXUtil;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.report.FieldImportReport;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.report.PublicationImportReport;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.RisImporter;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.util.ImporterUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.Filter;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.FilterFactory;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.Session;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.io.StringWriter;
 import java.math.BigDecimal;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.ServiceLoader;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
 import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
 import org.jbibtex.BibTeXEntry;
+import org.jbibtex.ParseException;
 
 /**
  * Central access point for retrieving {@link BibTeXConverter}s for importing publication data in the BibTeX format.
@@ -26,7 +36,8 @@ import org.jbibtex.BibTeXEntry;
 public class BibTeXConverters {
 
     private final static Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(BibTeXConverters.class);
-    private final Map<String, BibTeXConverter<Publication, PublicationBundle>> converters = new HashMap<String, BibTeXConverter<Publication, PublicationBundle>>();
+    private final Map<String, BibTeXConverter<Publication, PublicationBundle>> converters =
+                                                                               new HashMap<String, BibTeXConverter<Publication, PublicationBundle>>();
 
     @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
     private BibTeXConverters() {
@@ -54,8 +65,8 @@ public class BibTeXConverters {
                                            final ImporterUtil importerUtil,
                                            final boolean pretend,
                                            final boolean publishNewItems) {
-        final PublicationImportReport report = new PublicationImportReport();
-
+        final PublicationImportReport report = new PublicationImportReport();        
+        
         BibTeXConverter<Publication, PublicationBundle> converter = converters.get(bibTeXEntry.
                 getType().getValue().toLowerCase());
 
@@ -68,6 +79,10 @@ public class BibTeXConverters {
             return report;
         }
 
+        if(isPublicationAlreadyInDatabase(bibTeXEntry, converter.getTypeName(), report)) {
+            return report;
+        }
+        
         try {
             converter = converter.getClass().newInstance();
         } catch (InstantiationException ex) {
@@ -97,7 +112,7 @@ public class BibTeXConverters {
         if (!pretend) {
             publication.setLanguage(Kernel.getConfig().getLanguagesIndependentCode());
         }
-        final PublicationBundle bundle = converter.createBundle(publication, pretend);        
+        final PublicationBundle bundle = converter.createBundle(publication, pretend);
 
         converter.processFields(bibTeXEntry, publication, importerUtil, report, pretend);
 
@@ -146,4 +161,50 @@ public class BibTeXConverters {
             defaultCat.addChild(bundle);
         }
     }
+
+    private boolean isPublicationAlreadyInDatabase(final BibTeXEntry bibTeXEntry,
+                                                   final String type,
+                                                   final PublicationImportReport importReport) {
+        final String title;
+        final String year;
+
+        try {
+            final BibTeXUtil bibTeXUtil = new BibTeXUtil(null);
+
+            title = bibTeXUtil.toPlainString(bibTeXEntry.getField(BibTeXEntry.KEY_TITLE));
+            year = bibTeXUtil.toPlainString(bibTeXEntry.getField(BibTeXEntry.KEY_YEAR));
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            return false;
+        } catch (ParseException ex) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        int yearOfPublication;
+        try {
+            yearOfPublication = Integer.parseInt(year);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+            yearOfPublication = 0;
+        }
+        
+         final Session session = SessionManager.getSession();
+        final DataCollection collection = session.retrieve(Publication.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE);
+        final FilterFactory filterFactory = collection.getFilterFactory();
+        final Filter titleFilter = filterFactory.equals("title", title);
+        final Filter yearFilter = filterFactory.equals("yearOfPublication", yearOfPublication);
+        collection.addFilter(titleFilter);
+        collection.addFilter(yearFilter);
+
+        final boolean result = !collection.isEmpty();
+        collection.close();
+        
+        if (result) {
+            importReport.setTitle(title);
+            importReport.setType(type);
+            importReport.addField(new FieldImportReport(Publication.YEAR_OF_PUBLICATION, year));
+            importReport.setAlreadyInDatabase(result);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ArticleConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ArticleConverter.java
index 8c15d94c4..b244cadcd 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ArticleConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ArticleConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class ArticleConverter implements BibTeXConverter<ArticleInJournal, Artic
             return new ArticleInJournal();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInJournal.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public ArticleInJournalBundle createBundle(final ArticleInJournal publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookConverter.java
index a144692a9..ca225aaf9 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookConverter.java
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ public class BookConverter implements BibTeXConverter<Monograph, PublicationWith
             return new Monograph();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public PublicationWithPublisherBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookletConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookletConverter.java
index 1e6846285..9bec0a056 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookletConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/BookletConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class BookletConverter implements BibTeXConverter<Monograph, PublicationW
             return new Monograph();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public PublicationWithPublisherBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InBookConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InBookConverter.java
index e881c918c..810c13751 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InBookConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InBookConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class InBookConverter implements BibTeXConverter<ArticleInCollectedVolume
             return new ArticleInCollectedVolume();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInCollectedVolume.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public ArticleInCollectedVolumeBundle createBundle(final ArticleInCollectedVolume publication,
                                                        final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InCollectionConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InCollectionConverter.java
index 5702069d6..416c380e5 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InCollectionConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InCollectionConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class InCollectionConverter implements BibTeXConverter<ArticleInCollected
             return new ArticleInCollectedVolume();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInCollectedVolume.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public ArticleInCollectedVolumeBundle createBundle(final ArticleInCollectedVolume publication,
                                                        final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InProceedingsConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InProceedingsConverter.java
index 4d83a050b..9bce5a784 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InProceedingsConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/InProceedingsConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class InProceedingsConverter implements BibTeXConverter<InProceedings, In
             return new InProceedings();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return InProceedings.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public InProceedingsBundle createBundle(final InProceedings publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ManualConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ManualConverter.java
index cd300b627..22a582446 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ManualConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ManualConverter.java
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ public class ManualConverter implements BibTeXConverter<Monograph, PublicationWi
             return new Monograph();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public PublicationWithPublisherBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MasterThesisConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MasterThesisConverter.java
index a8c03c71d..9aec9c1e6 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MasterThesisConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MasterThesisConverter.java
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ public class MasterThesisConverter implements BibTeXConverter<GreyLiterature, Un
             return new GreyLiterature();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MiscConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MiscConverter.java
index 1f940291e..a6832b6a6 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MiscConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/MiscConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class MiscConverter implements BibTeXConverter<GreyLiterature, UnPublishe
             return new GreyLiterature();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/PhdThesisConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/PhdThesisConverter.java
index 523c2af5e..7e53fe80d 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/PhdThesisConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/PhdThesisConverter.java
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ public class PhdThesisConverter implements BibTeXConverter<Monograph, Publicatio
         }
     }
 
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     public PublicationWithPublisherBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
             return null;
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ProceedingsConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ProceedingsConverter.java
index a6ec595dd..067e27d69 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ProceedingsConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/ProceedingsConverter.java
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ public class ProceedingsConverter implements BibTeXConverter<Proceedings, Procee
             return new Proceedings();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return Proceedings.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public ProceedingsBundle createBundle(final Proceedings publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/TechReportConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/TechReportConverter.java
index d10ced31d..379a268e1 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/TechReportConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/TechReportConverter.java
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ public class TechReportConverter implements BibTeXConverter<GreyLiterature, UnPu
             return new GreyLiterature();
         }
     }
+    
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
 
     public UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/UnPublishedConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/UnPublishedConverter.java
index 29b8e3400..012db1e79 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/UnPublishedConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/converters/UnPublishedConverter.java
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ public class UnPublishedConverter implements BibTeXConverter<GreyLiterature, UnP
         }
     }
 
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     public UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
             return null;
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/util/BibTeXUtil.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/util/BibTeXUtil.java
index 98b08bbe6..e18c525b2 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/util/BibTeXUtil.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/bibtex/util/BibTeXUtil.java
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ public class BibTeXUtil {
         }
     }
 
-    private String toPlainString(final Value value) throws IOException, ParseException {
+    public String toPlainString(final Value value) throws IOException, ParseException {
         return toPlainString(value.toUserString());
     }
 
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisConverter.java
index f5502b7a2..8b372fcf2 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisConverter.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public interface RisConverter {
                                     ImporterUtil importerUtil, 
                                     boolean pretend, 
                                     boolean publishNewItems);
-    
+            
     /**
      * 
      * @return The RIS type supported by the converter implementation.
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisImporter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisImporter.java
index 82dd995bd..8f7684c5d 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisImporter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisImporter.java
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public class RisImporter implements SciPublicationsImporter {
                 processPublication(dataset, report, importerUtil, pretend, publishNewItems);
             }
         } catch (Exception ex) {
-            ex.printStackTrace(System.out);
+            ex.printStackTrace(System.err);
         }
 
         return report;
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisParser.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisParser.java
index 3f149b962..6f199d459 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisParser.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/RisParser.java
@@ -28,11 +28,15 @@ public class RisParser {
         RisFieldValue field;
         for (int i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
 
-            if ((lines[i] == null) || lines[i].isEmpty()) {
+            if ((lines[i] == null) || (skipBom(lines[i]) == null) || skipBom(lines[i]).isEmpty()) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             field = parseRisLine(lines[i], i);
+            
+            if (field == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
 
             if (RisField.TY.equals(field.getName())) {
                 if (openDataset) {
@@ -83,8 +87,10 @@ public class RisParser {
             try {
                 fieldName = RisField.valueOf(tokens[0]);
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
-                throw new SciPublicationsImportException(String.format("Unkwown tag '%s' in line %d. Aborting import.",
-                                                                       tokens[0], index + 1), ex);
+//                throw new SciPublicationsImportException(String.format("Unkwown tag '%s' in line %d. Aborting import.",
+//                                                                       tokens[0], index + 1), ex);
+                //Ignore unknown none standard fields
+                return null;
             }
 
             return new RisFieldValue(fieldName, tokens[1]);
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/AbstractRisConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/AbstractRisConverter.java
index 29ed11d9e..91ee86309 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/AbstractRisConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/AbstractRisConverter.java
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.Folder;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.Publication;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.PublicationBundle;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.imexporter.ris.RisField;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.report.FieldImportReport;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.report.PublicationImportReport;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.RisConverter;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.RisDataset;
@@ -11,7 +13,13 @@ import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.RisImporter;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisFieldUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.util.ImporterUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.Filter;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.FilterFactory;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.Session;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -24,7 +32,18 @@ public abstract class AbstractRisConverter<T extends Publication, B extends Publ
 
     protected abstract T createPublication(boolean pretend);
 
+    protected abstract String getTypeName();
+
     protected abstract B createBundle(T publication, boolean pretend);
+    
+    protected String getYear(final RisDataset dataset) {
+        final List<String> values = dataset.getValues().get(RisField.PY);
+        if ((values == null) || values.isEmpty()) {
+            return "0";
+        } else {
+            return values.get(0);
+        }
+    }
 
     protected abstract void processFields(final RisDataset dataset,
                                           final T publication,
@@ -38,9 +57,13 @@ public abstract class AbstractRisConverter<T extends Publication, B extends Publ
                                                  final boolean publishNewItems) {
         final PublicationImportReport importReport = new PublicationImportReport();
 
+        if (isPublicationAlreadyInDatabase(dataset, getTypeName(), importReport)) {
+            return importReport;
+        }
+
         final T publication = createPublication(pretend);
         final RisFieldUtil fieldUtil = new RisFieldUtil(pretend);
-        fieldUtil.processTitle(dataset, publication, importReport);        
+        fieldUtil.processTitle(dataset, publication, importReport);
         if (!pretend) {
             publication.setLanguage(Kernel.getConfig().getLanguagesIndependentCode());
         }
@@ -55,7 +78,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractRisConverter<T extends Publication, B extends Publ
             publication.setLanguage(Kernel.getConfig().getLanguagesIndependentCode());
 
             publication.save();
-            
+
             assignFolder(publication, bundle);
             assignCategories(bundle);
 
@@ -95,4 +118,39 @@ public abstract class AbstractRisConverter<T extends Publication, B extends Publ
         }
     }
 
+    private boolean isPublicationAlreadyInDatabase(final RisDataset dataset,
+                                                   final String type,
+                                                   final PublicationImportReport importReport) {
+        final RisFieldUtil fieldUtil = new RisFieldUtil(true);
+        final String title = fieldUtil.getTitle(dataset);
+        final String year = getYear(dataset);
+
+        int yearOfPublication;
+        try {
+            yearOfPublication = Integer.parseInt(year);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+            yearOfPublication = 0;
+        }
+
+        final Session session = SessionManager.getSession();
+        final DataCollection collection = session.retrieve(type);
+        final FilterFactory filterFactory = collection.getFilterFactory();
+        final Filter titleFilter = filterFactory.equals(Publication.TITLE, title);
+        final Filter yearFilter = filterFactory.equals(Publication.YEAR_OF_PUBLICATION, yearOfPublication);
+        collection.addFilter(titleFilter);
+        collection.addFilter(yearFilter);
+
+        final boolean result = !collection.isEmpty();
+        collection.close();
+
+        if (result) {
+            importReport.setTitle(title);
+            importReport.setType(type);
+            importReport.addField(new FieldImportReport(Publication.YEAR_OF_PUBLICATION, year));
+            importReport.setAlreadyInDatabase(result);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BlogConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BlogConverter.java
index 544a45c9a..7f01da3f1 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BlogConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BlogConverter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ public class BlogConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<InternetArticle, Interne
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return InternetArticle.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected InternetArticleBundle createBundle(final InternetArticle publication,
                                                  final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BookConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BookConverter.java
index eb6aa2b2b..c7be51a9d 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BookConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/BookConverter.java
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ public class BookConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<Monograph, PublicationBu
             return new Monograph();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected PublicationBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication, final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ChapConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ChapConverter.java
index 0f5c6916f..30e21014a 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ChapConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ChapConverter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ public class ChapConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<ArticleInCollectedVolume
             return new ArticleInCollectedVolume();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInCollectedVolume.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected ArticleInCollectedVolumeBundle createBundle(final ArticleInCollectedVolume publication,
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ConfConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ConfConverter.java
index 493c9f60d..bb6a8ff20 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ConfConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ConfConverter.java
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisFieldU
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisOrgaUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisSeriesUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.util.ImporterUtil;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -29,6 +28,11 @@ public class ConfConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<Proceedings, Proceedings
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return Proceedings.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected ProceedingsBundle createBundle(final Proceedings publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ public class ConfConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<Proceedings, Proceedings
 
         fieldUtil.processTitle(dataset, publication, importReport);
 
-        fieldUtil.processIntField(dataset, RisField.C2, publication, "yearPublication", importReport);
+        fieldUtil.processIntField(dataset, RisField.C2, publication, "yearOfPublication", importReport);
 
         authorUtil.processAuthors(dataset, RisField.AU, publication, importReport);
         authorUtil.processEditors(dataset, RisField.A2, publication, importReport);
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/CpaperConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/CpaperConverter.java
index e6fdd7750..6555ddd17 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/CpaperConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/CpaperConverter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ public class CpaperConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<InProceedings, InProce
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return InProceedings.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected InProceedingsBundle createBundle(final InProceedings publication,
                                                final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EbookConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EbookConverter.java
index b1c0ba606..841a8fc06 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EbookConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EbookConverter.java
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ public class EbookConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<Monograph, PublicationW
             return new Monograph();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected PublicationWithPublisherBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication,
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EdbookConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EdbookConverter.java
index 802ffac92..81a41f50c 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EdbookConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EdbookConverter.java
@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ public class EdbookConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<CollectedVolume, Colle
             return new CollectedVolume();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return CollectedVolume.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected CollectedVolumeBundle createBundle(final CollectedVolume publication,
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EjourConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EjourConverter.java
index f4ba339cf..dfe1d7f85 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EjourConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EjourConverter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ public class EjourConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<ArticleInJournal, Artic
             return new ArticleInJournal();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInJournal.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected ArticleInJournalBundle createBundle(final ArticleInJournal publication,
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ public class EjourConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<ArticleInJournal, Artic
 
         fieldUtil.processPages(dataset, RisField.SP, publication, importReport);
 
-        fieldUtil.processField(dataset, RisField.VL, publication, "volume", importReport);
+        fieldUtil.processIntField(dataset, RisField.VL, publication, "volume", importReport);
     }
 
     public RisType getRisType() {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ElecConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ElecConverter.java
index c12ae9515..689c4b812 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ElecConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ElecConverter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ public class ElecConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<InternetArticle, Interne
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return InternetArticle.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected InternetArticleBundle createBundle(final InternetArticle publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EncycConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EncycConverter.java
index 15f7330d2..bda348d1c 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EncycConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/EncycConverter.java
@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ public class EncycConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<ArticleInCollectedVolum
             return new ArticleInCollectedVolume();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInCollectedVolume.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected ArticleInCollectedVolumeBundle createBundle(final ArticleInCollectedVolume publication,
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/GenConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/GenConverter.java
index b1f0c00b1..f2b56a7f5 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/GenConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/GenConverter.java
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ public class GenConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<Monograph, PublicationWit
             return new Monograph();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return Monograph.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected PublicationWithPublisherBundle createBundle(final Monograph publication, final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/JourConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/JourConverter.java
index f824e4f02..6b1f4000b 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/JourConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/JourConverter.java
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ public class JourConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<ArticleInJournal, Articl
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return ArticleInJournal.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected ArticleInJournalBundle createBundle(final ArticleInJournal publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/RprtConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/RprtConverter.java
index a5582aa3c..8bd9de830 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/RprtConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/RprtConverter.java
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ public class RprtConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<GreyLiterature, UnPublis
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication,
                                              final boolean pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ThesConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ThesConverter.java
index 2bb0a7a2d..db0239466 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ThesConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/ThesConverter.java
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisAuthor
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisFieldUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisOrgaUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.util.ImporterUtil;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -28,6 +27,11 @@ public class ThesConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<GreyLiterature, UnPublis
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
+    protected String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
+    
     @Override
     protected UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication, final boolean pretend) {
         if (pretend) {
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/UnpbConverter.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/UnpbConverter.java
index 29e578a5d..c5471c47c 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/UnpbConverter.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/UnpbConverter.java
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisFieldU
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisOrgaUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.ris.converters.utils.RisSeriesUtil;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.scipublications.importer.util.ImporterUtil;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -27,6 +28,11 @@ public class UnpbConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<GreyLiterature, UnPublis
             return new GreyLiterature();
         }
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return GreyLiterature.class.getName();
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected UnPublishedBundle createBundle(final GreyLiterature publication,
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ public class UnpbConverter extends AbstractRisConverter<GreyLiterature, UnPublis
             return new UnPublishedBundle(publication);
         }
     }
-
+    
     @Override
     protected void processFields(final RisDataset dataset,
                                  final GreyLiterature publication,
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisColVolUtil.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisColVolUtil.java
index 473a3257d..dbf552c79 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisColVolUtil.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisColVolUtil.java
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ public class RisColVolUtil {
                                        final RisField cvEditionField,
                                        final ArticleInCollectedVolume article,
                                        final PublicationImportReport report) {
-        final List<String> colVolTitle = dataset.getValues().get(cvTitleField);
-        final List<String> colVolYear = dataset.getValues().get(cvYearField);
-        final List<String> colVolPlace = dataset.getValues().get(cvPlaceField);
-        final List<String> colVolPublisher = dataset.getValues().get(cvPublisherField);
-        final List<String> colVolEdition = dataset.getValues().get(cvEditionField);
+        final List<String> colVolTitleValue = dataset.getValues().get(cvTitleField);
+        final List<String> colVolYearValue = dataset.getValues().get(cvYearField);
+        final List<String> colVolPlaceValue = dataset.getValues().get(cvPlaceField);
+        final List<String> colVolPublisherValue = dataset.getValues().get(cvPublisherField);
+        final List<String> colVolEditionValue = dataset.getValues().get(cvEditionField);
 
         final List<String> colVolEditors = dataset.getValues().get(cvEditorsField);
         final List<AuthorData> colVolEditorData = new ArrayList<AuthorData>();
@@ -53,14 +53,37 @@ public class RisColVolUtil {
             }
         }
 
-        if ((colVolTitle != null) && !colVolTitle.isEmpty()) {
+        if ((colVolTitleValue != null) && !colVolTitleValue.isEmpty()) {
+            final String colVolTitle = colVolTitleValue.get(0);
+            final String colVolYear = colVolYearValue.get(0);
+            final String colVolPlace;
+            final String colVolPublisher;
+            final String colVolEdition;
+            
+            if ((colVolPlaceValue == null) || colVolPlaceValue.isEmpty()) {
+                colVolPlace = "";
+            } else {
+                colVolPlace = colVolPlaceValue.get(0);
+            }
+            if ((colVolPublisherValue == null) || colVolPublisherValue.isEmpty()) {
+                colVolPublisher = "";
+            } else {
+                colVolPublisher = colVolPublisherValue.get(0);
+            }
+            if ((colVolEditionValue == null) || colVolEditionValue.isEmpty()) {
+                colVolEdition = "";
+            } else {
+                colVolEdition = colVolEditionValue.get(0);
+            }
+            
+            
             final CollectedVolumeImportReport colVolReport = importerUtil.processCollectedVolume(article,
-                                                                                                 colVolTitle.get(0),
-                                                                                                 colVolYear.get(0),
+                                                                                                 colVolTitle,
+                                                                                                 colVolYear,
                                                                                                  colVolEditorData,
-                                                                                                 colVolPublisher.get(0),
-                                                                                                 colVolPlace.get(0),
-                                                                                                 colVolEdition.get(0),
+                                                                                                 colVolPublisher,
+                                                                                                 colVolPlace,
+                                                                                                 colVolEdition,
                                                                                                  pretend);
             report.setCollectedVolume(colVolReport);
         }
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisFieldUtil.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisFieldUtil.java
index 23b61d1c3..de180ba8f 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisFieldUtil.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/ris/converters/utils/RisFieldUtil.java
@@ -24,11 +24,9 @@ public class RisFieldUtil {
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("PMD.ConfusingTernary")
-    public void processTitle(final RisDataset dataset,
-                             final Publication publication,
-                             final PublicationImportReport report) {
+    public String getTitle(final RisDataset dataset) {
         final String title;
-
+                
         if ((dataset.getValues().get(RisField.TI) != null) && !dataset.getValues().get(RisField.TI).isEmpty()) {
             title = dataset.getValues().get(RisField.TI).get(0);
         } else if ((dataset.getValues().get(RisField.BT) != null) && !dataset.getValues().get(RisField.BT).isEmpty()) {
@@ -36,6 +34,15 @@ public class RisFieldUtil {
         } else {
             title = "Unknown";
         }
+        
+        return title;
+    }
+    
+    
+    public void processTitle(final RisDataset dataset,
+                             final Publication publication,
+                             final PublicationImportReport report) {
+        final String title = getTitle(dataset);        
 
         if (!pretend) {
             publication.setTitle(title);
diff --git a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/util/ImporterUtil.java b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/util/ImporterUtil.java
index 4c2eb104d..ae6e70c03 100644
--- a/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/util/ImporterUtil.java
+++ b/ccm-sci-publications/src/com/arsdigita/cms/scipublications/importer/util/ImporterUtil.java
@@ -215,7 +215,13 @@ public class ImporterUtil {
         final Session session = SessionManager.getSession();
         final DataCollection collection = session.retrieve(CollectedVolume.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE);
         collection.addEqualsFilter("title", title);
-        collection.addEqualsFilter("yearOfPublication", year);
+        int yearOfPublication;
+        try {
+            yearOfPublication = Integer.parseInt(year);
+        } catch(NumberFormatException ex) {
+            yearOfPublication = 0;
+        }
+        collection.addEqualsFilter("yearOfPublication", yearOfPublication);
         report.setCollectedVolumeTitle(title);
         if (collection.isEmpty()) {
             if (!pretend) {